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<title>NonVisual Desktop Access</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NonVisual Desktop Access</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">NVDA</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Logo for NonVisual Desktop Access</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Curran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">NV Access and contributors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2006</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2025.1.2

/ 23 June 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2025-06-23</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nvaccess/nvda">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/nvaccess<wbr>/nvda</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data">Python, C++</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">62 languages</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">

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</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background-color: transparent;">List of languages</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Afrikaans</li><li>Albanian</li><li>Amharic</li><li>Arabic</li><li>Aragonese</li><li>Bulgarian</li><li>Burmese</li><li>Catalan</li><li>Central Kurdish</li><li>Chinese (Simplified, China)</li><li>Chinese (Traditional, Hong Kong SAR)</li><li>Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan)</li><li>Croatian</li><li>Czech</li><li>Danish</li><li>Dutch</li><li>English</li><li>Finnish</li><li>French</li><li>Galician</li><li>Georgian</li><li>German</li><li>German (Switzerland)</li><li>Greek</li><li>Hebrew</li><li>Hindi</li><li>Hungarian</li><li>Icelandic</li><li>Indonesian</li><li>Irish</li><li>Italian</li><li>Japanese</li><li>Kannada</li><li>Korean</li><li>Kyrgyz</li><li>Lithuanian</li><li>Macedonian</li><li>Mongolian</li><li>Nepali</li><li>Northern Kurdish</li><li>Norwegian Bokmål</li><li>Norwegian Nynorsk</li><li>Persian</li><li>Polish</li><li>Portuguese (Brazil)</li><li>Portuguese (Portugal)</li><li>Punjabi</li><li>Romanian</li><li>Russian</li><li>Serbian (Latin)</li><li>Slovak</li><li>Slovenian</li><li>Somali</li><li>Spanish</li><li>Spanish (Colombia)</li><li>Swedish</li><li>Tamil</li><li>Thai</li><li>Turkish</li><li>Ukrainian</li><li>Urdu</li><li>Vietnamese</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">Screen reader</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_General_Public_License_version_2" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU General Public License version 2">GNU General Public License version 2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvaccess.org">nvaccess<wbr>.org</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>NonVisual Desktop Access</b> (<b>NVDA</b>) is a <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a>, portable <a href="Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was started by Michael Curran in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>NVDA is programmed in <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. It utilizes accessibility <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> such as <a href="UI_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="UI Automation">UI Automation</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Microsoft Active Accessibility</a>, <a href="IAccessible2" title="IAccessible2">IAccessible2</a> and <a href="Java_Access_Bridge" title="Java Access Bridge">Java Access Bridge</a>, to access and present information to the user. It is licensed under the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In April 2006, Michael Curran started writing a non-commercial, opensource screen reader because he felt concerned with the high cost of commercial screen readers. This prompted him to begin writing a FLOSS alternative based on the Python language; a screen reader with <a href="Microsoft_SAPI" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft SAPI">Microsoft SAPI</a> as its speech engine. It provided support for Microsoft <a href="Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> onwards, and provided screen reading capabilities such as basic support for some third-party software and web browsing. Towards the end of 2006, Curran named his project Nonvisual Desktop Access (NVDA) and released version 0.5 the following year. Throughout 2008 and 2009, several versions of 0.6 appeared, featuring enhanced web browsing, support for more programs, <a href="Braille_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille display">braille display</a> output, and improved support for more languages. To manage continued development of NVDA, Curran, along with James Teh, founded NV Access in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>NVDA's features and popularity continued to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2009 saw support for <a href="64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> versions of Windows as well as greater program stability in 2010. Major code restructuring to support third-party modules, coupled with basic support for <a href="Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, became available in 2011. Throughout 2012, NVDA gained improved support for Windows 8, ability to perform automatic updates, included add-ons manager to manage third-party add-ons, gained improved support for entering <a href="CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">East Asian text</a> and introduced <a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> support, the first of its kind for third-party screen readers for Windows. NVDA gained support for <a href="Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">Microsoft PowerPoint</a> in 2013 and was updated in 2014 to support PowerPoint 2013; NVDA also added enhanced <a href="WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">WAI-ARIA</a> support that same year. Also in 2013, NV Access introduced a restructured method of reviewing screen text, and introduced a facility to manage profiles for applications, as well as improving access to Microsoft Office and other office suites in 2014.

</p><p>Accessibility of mathematical formulas can be an issue for blind and visually impaired persons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, NVDA gained support for <a href="MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a> through <a href="MathPlayer" class="mw-redirect" title="MathPlayer">MathPlayer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with improved support for <a href="Mintty" title="Mintty">Mintty</a>, the desktop client for <a href="Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, and charts in <a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>, and the ability to lower background audio was introduced in 2016. Also in 2015, NVDA became one of the first screen readers to support <a href="Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> and added support for <a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Microsoft Edge</a> in an experimental capacity.

</p><p>In 2023–2024, the screen reader user survey by <a href="WebAIM" title="WebAIM">WebAIM</a> found NVDA to be the most popular screen reader worldwide in terms of common usage and the second-most popular primary screen reader behind <a href="JAWS_(screen_reader)" title="JAWS (screen reader)">JAWS</a>; 37.7% of survey participants used it as a primary screen reader, while 65.6% of participants used it often.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_survey-2024_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_survey-2024-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program is especially popular in developing countries<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as being free to download and use makes it accessible to many blind and visually impaired people who would otherwise not have access to the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>NVDA can be used with steganography based software to provide a textual description of pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_and_accessibility_API_support">Features and accessibility API support</h2></div>

<p>NVDA uses <a href="ESpeak" title="ESpeak">eSpeak</a> as its integrated speech synthesizer. It also supports the Microsoft Speech platform synthesiser, ETI Eloquence and also supports <a href="Speech_Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech Application Programming Interface">SAPI</a> synthesizers. Output to <a href="Refreshable_Braille_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Refreshable Braille display">braille displays</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is supported officially from Version 0.6p3 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-NVDA-changes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NVDA-changes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Besides general Windows functionality, NVDA works with software such as Microsoft office applications, <a href="WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a>, <a href="Notepad_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Notepad (Windows)">Notepad</a>, <a href="Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a>, web browsers such as <a href="Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>, and <a href="Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a>. It supports most email clients such as <a href="Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a>, <a href="Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a>, and <a href="Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a>. NVDA also works with most functions of <a href="Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>, <a href="Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">Microsoft PowerPoint</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free office suites <a href="LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> and <a href="OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> are also supported.

</p><p>Since early 2009, NVDA supports the WAI-ARIA standard for <a href="Accessible_Rich_Internet_Applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">Accessible Rich Internet Applications</a>, to facilitate better accessibility of web applications for blind users.<sup id="cite_ref-NVDA-changes_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NVDA-changes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_features">Technical features</h2></div>

<p>NVDA is organized into various subsystems, including the <a href="Event_loop" title="Event loop">core loop</a>, add-ons manager, app modules, event handler and input and output handlers, along with modules to support accessibility APIs such as <a href="Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Microsoft Active Accessibility</a>. NVDA also features various graphical user interfaces of its own powered by <a href="WxPython" title="WxPython">wxPython</a>, such as various preference dialogs, and setup and update management dialogs.

</p><p>NVDA uses objects to represent elements in an application such as menu bars, status bars and various foreground windows. Various information about an object such as its name, value and screen coordinates are gathered by NVDA through accessibility APIs exposed by an object, such as through <a href="Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">UIA</a> (User Interface Automation). The gathered information is passed through various subsystems, such as speech handler and presented to the user in speech, braille<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and via on-screen window. NVDA also provides facilities to handle events such as key presses, name changes and when an application gains or loses focus.

</p><p>NVDA provides facilities to examine an application's object hierarchy and implement ways to enhance accessibility of a program. It provides dedicated commands to move through object hierarchy within an application, as well as an interactive python console to perform focus manipulation, monitoring objects for events and test code for improving accessibility of an application to be packaged in an app module.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_model">Development model</h2></div>

<p>From 2006 to 2013, NVDA's source code was managed via <a href="GNU_Bazaar" title="GNU Bazaar">Bazaar</a>, with NV Access switching to <a href="Git_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Git (software)">Git</a> in 2013, citing development progress with Bazaar. The developers also took the opportunity to modify the release schedule to happen at regular intervals to prevent delay in releasing an official release and to make the release time frame predictable.

</p><p>In addition to official releases, nightly snapshot builds are also available for testing. Similar to the release process for the <a href="Linux_kernel#Development_model" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, NVDA snapshots are available in beta and alpha branches, with special topic branches created from time to time. NV Access describes the beta branch as a chance for users to gain early access to new features, alpha branch as bleeding-edge code for possible inclusion in the upcoming release, and topic branches for developing a major feature or to prepare for official release (rc branch).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some third-party developers also maintain specific <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a>, including language-specific versions of NVDA<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to offer public preview for a feature under active development.

</p><p>While development is primarily led by NV Access, code, documentation and translation contributions come from users and other developers around the world.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaćkowskiBrzozaŻabkaSpinczyk2018" class="citation journal cs1">Maćkowski, Michał; Brzoza, Piotr; Żabka, Marek; Spinczyk, Dominik (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11042-017-4526-z">"Multimedia platform for mathematics' interactive learning accessible to blind people"</a>. <i>Multimedia Tools and Applications</i>. <b>77</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">6191–</span>6208. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11042-017-4526-z">10.1007/s11042-017-4526-z</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCordeiroConradCheiran2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cordeiro, P; Conrad, C; Cheiran, J (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2017/papers/ArtesDesignShort/175346.pdf">"Redesigning towards accessibility: from a Facebook trivia game to an educational, accessible web game"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital</i>. Curitiba, Brazil<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSusantoNanda2018" class="citation journal cs1">Susanto; Nanda, Deri Sis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25134%2Ferjee.v7i1.1530">"Teaching and Learning English for Visually Impaired Students: An Ethnographic Case Study"</a>. <i>English Review: Journal of English Education</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>92. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25134%2Ferjee.v7i1.1530">10.25134/erjee.v7i1.1530</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammadAhmadToobaAnwar2015" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad, Aslam; Ahmad, Warda; Tooba, Maryam; Anwar, Sidra (2015). "Assistive Technology for Disabled Persons". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/racs-15/25847785"><i>Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Recent Advances in Computer Systems</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>80. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2Fracs-15.2016.12">10.2991/racs-15.2016.12</a></span>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-94-6252-146-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSenjamFosterBascaranVashist2019" class="citation journal cs1">Senjam, Senjam, Suraj Singh; Foster, Allen; Bascaran, Covadonga; Vashist, Praveen; Gupta, Vivek (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4652817/1/senjam_etal_2019_assistive_technology_students_visual_disability.pdf">"Assistive technology for students with visual disability in schools for the blind in Delhi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology</i>. <b>15</b> (6). Taylor & Francis: <span class="nowrap">663–</span>669. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17483107.2019.1604829">10.1080/17483107.2019.1604829</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31012740">31012740</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128362037">128362037</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNengrooKuppusamy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nengroo, Ab Shaqoor; Kuppusamy, K. S (2018). "Accessible images (AIMS): a model to build self-describing images for assisting screen reader users". <i>Universal Access in the Information Society</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">607–</span>619. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10209-017-0607-z">10.1007/s10209-017-0607-z</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29188594">29188594</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRussomannoO’ModhrainGillespieRodger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Russomanno, A; O’Modhrain, S; Gillespie, R.B; Rodger, M.W.M (2015). "Refreshing Refreshable Braille Displays". <i>IEEE Transactions on Haptics</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>97. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTOH.2015.2423492">10.1109/TOH.2015.2423492</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25879973">25879973</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30154632">30154632</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-NVDA-changes-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NVDA-changes_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NVDA-changes_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvaccess.org/files/nvda/releases/2019.1.1/nvda_2019.1.1_changes.html">"What's New in NVDA"</a>. <i>nvaccess.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ruijter" class="citation web cs1">de Ruijter, Leonard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nvaccess/nvda/wiki/Braille-framework">"Braille framework"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvaccess.org/files/nvda/snapshots/">"NVDA Development Snapshots"</a>. <i>Nvaccess.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvda.jp/">"NVDA日本語版ダウンロードと説明"</a>. <i>www.nvda.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvaccess.org">Official website</a></span></span> </li></ul>

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</style><div id="Web_accessibility52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AccessiBe" title="AccessiBe">accessiBe</a></li>

<li><a href="Bobby_(software)" title="Bobby (software)">Bobby</a></li>

<li><a href="Dragon_NaturallySpeaking" title="Dragon NaturallySpeaking">Dragon NaturallySpeaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Easy_Chirp" title="Easy Chirp">Easy Chirp</a></li>

<li><a href="ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC Browser</a></li>

<li><a href="VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li>

<li><a href="ZoomText" title="ZoomText">ZoomText</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AnySurfer" title="AnySurfer">AnySurfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Deque_Systems" title="Deque Systems">Deque Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_Rights_Education_and_Defense_Fund" title="Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund">Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_of_Accessibility_Professionals" title="International Association of Accessibility Professionals">International Association of Accessibility Professionals</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowbility" title="Knowbility">Knowbility</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAIM" title="WebAIM">WebAIM</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=NonVisual_Desktop_Access&oldid=1302713583">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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